加工方法对鄄白芍芍药苷含量的影响

目的：比较不同加工方式对鄄白芍中芍药苷含量的影响。方法：从山东省菏泽市鄄城县芍药产区采集新鲜的芍药根,采用去皮后蒸煮不同时间和不同时间蒸煮后去以及蒸煮后不同温度干燥的加工方法,HPLC检测芍药苷含量,确定鄄白芍最佳初加工方法,同时考察了不同部位芍药苷含量的差异。结果：蒸煮后去皮的芍药苷含量大于去皮后蒸煮的含量,最佳初加工工艺为煮制45分钟后去皮,烘干温度60℃。不同根部鄄白芍中芍药苷含量变化为芍药头>须根>主根;不同纵切面芍药苷含量变化为白芍韧皮部>白芍外皮部>白芍木质部。不同器官中芍药苷含量变化为根>叶>茎>花。结论：鄄白芍的最佳初加工方式为煮45min后再去皮,60℃烘干。芍药头中芍药苷含量最高。     

基于帕累托图的卷烟制丝工艺质量分析

为提高卷烟制丝工艺质量,本文选取某卷烟厂制丝部工艺质量的统计数据,采用帕累托图进行质量因素分类统计,并结合人、机、料、法、环进行鱼骨图分析,探究工艺质量问题的原因。研究表明:与"机"相关的质量问题占比达到62%,包括数采异常、设备故障和测温仪异常等;其次是人、料、环、法环节,包括参数调控、料头水分、天气变化和考核方法等。因此,在制丝过程中,应重点加强设备的保养和巡察,强化操作人员的管理和培训,确保设备正常、稳定运行,才能提升卷烟制丝工艺质量。     

Herbaceous species diversity in relation to fire severity in Zagros oak forests,Iran

Zagros forests are mainly covered byQuercus brantii L. coppices and oak sprout clumps occupy the forest area like patches. We investigated post-fire herbaceous diversity in the first growing season after fire. For this purpose neighboring burned and unburned areas were selected with the same plant species and ecological conditions. The data were collected from areas subjected to different fire severities. Overall 6 treatments were considered with respect to fire severity and the mi-crosites of inside and outside of oak sprout clumps including： unburned inside and outside of sprout clumps （Ni and No）, inside of sprout clumps that burned with high fire severity （H）, inside of sprout clumps that burned with moderate fire severity （M）, outside of sprout clumps that burned with low fire severity （OH and OM）. Different herbaceous com-position was observed in the unburned inside and outside of oak sprout clumps. The species diversity and richness were increased in treatments burned with low and moderate fire severity. However, in treatment burned with high fire severity （H）, herbaceous cover was reduced, even-ness was increased, and richness and diversity were not significantly changed. We concluded that besides the microsites conditions in forest, fire severity is an inseparable part of the ecological effect of fire on her-baceous composition.     

Using a stand-level model to predict light absorption in stands with vertically and horizontally heterogeneous canopies

Background： Forest ecosystem functioning is strongly influenced by the absorption of photosynthetically active radiation （APAR）, and therefore, accurate predictions of APAR are critical for many process-based forest growth models. The Lambert-Beer law can be applied to estimate APAR for simple homogeneous canopies composed of one layer, one species, and no canopy gaps. However, the vertical and horizontal structure of forest canopies is rarely homogeneous. Detailed tree-level models can account for this heterogeneity but these often have high input and computational demands and work on finer temporal and spatial resolutions than required by stand-level growth models. The aim of this study was to test a stand-level light absorption model that can estimate APAR by individual species in mixed-species and multi-layered stands with any degree of canopy openness including open-grown trees to closed canopies. Methods： The stand-level model was compared with a detailed tree-level model that has already been tested in mixed-species stands using empirical data. Both models were parameterised for five different forests, including a wide range of species compositions, species proportions, stand densities, crown architectures and canopy structures. Results： The stand-level model performed well in all stands except in the stand where extinction coefficients were unusually variable and it appears unlikely that APAR could be predicted in such stands using （tree- or stand-level） models that do not allow individuals of a given species to have different extinction coefficients, leaf-area density or analogous parameters. Conclusion： This model is parameterised with species-specific information about extinction coefficients and mean crown length, diameter, height and leaf area. It could be used to examine light dynamics in complex canopies and in stand-level growth models.     

工艺加工对干法再造烟叶品质的影响

通过分析检测干法再造烟叶在制丝工艺过程中化学成分、烟气常规指标、烟气有害成分、致香成分以及感官质量的变化,考察工艺加工对干法再造烟叶品质的影响,为干法再造烟叶在卷烟中的应用提供科学依据。结果表明：经过松散回潮、加料贮叶、增温增湿、烘丝等处理,干法再造烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量有所增加,烟碱含量呈下降趋势;总粒相物、焦油、CO及各有害成分的释放量均呈下降趋势,危害指数降低了4．52％;工艺加工后大部分致香物质的总量略高于加工前,其中烟草中重要的致香成分巨豆三烯酮、β大马酮、新植二烯、β二氢大马酮、香叶基丙酮等的含量明显增加;再造烟叶感官质量明显提升,甜润感和烟气清晰度得到改善。上述结论表明,工艺加工过程对干法再造烟叶的内在品质有一定的提升作用,干法再造烟叶能很好地适应卷烟制丝线的工艺加工。     

基于随机森林的大姚县TM遥感影像分类研究

随机森林(Random Forest)是一种组合多棵决策树分类器的新的分类算法。以楚雄州大姚县为例,采用Landsat-TM数据,通过最大似然、支持向量机、随机森林3种分类器进行分类对比研究。结果表明,支持向量机和随机森林的分类精度明显优于最大似然法,两者分类精度相差不大;在分类时间上,最大似然法明显比随机森林和支持向量机快,支持向量机最慢。综合分析,随机森林算法表现更优,它在保证分类精度的前提下,也能保证一定的时间效率,更适宜实际生产应用。     

轮虫培育池不同粒级藻类对浮游植物生物量和生产量的贡献

研究了流水轮虫培育池(14^#)、静水轮虫培育池(15^#)和轮虫饵料培养池(11^#)中不同粒级浮游植物，特别是超微藻类对浮游植物叶绿素和初级生产力的贡献。结果表明，在14^#池中，超微藻类、微型藻类和小型藻类的叶绿素a含量分别占总叶绿素a含量的3．7％、82．9％和13．4％。各粒级浮游植物初级生产力分别占总生产力的13．6％、66．0％和20．4％。在11^#池中，超微藻类、微型藻类和小型藻类的叶绿素a含量分别占总叶绿素a含量的4．5％、16．1％和79．4％。各粒级浮游植物初级生产力分别占总生产力的9．0％、78．9％和12．1％。在15^#池超微藻类、微型藻类和小型藻类的叶绿素a含量分别占总叶绿素a含量的4．7％、22．3％和73．0％。各粒级浮游植物初级生产力分别占总生产力的12．4％、60．8％和27．8％。水体中的初级生产力主要是由微型藻类提供，占总量的60．8％～78．9％，在轮虫培育池生态系统中微型藻类是主要生产者。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的不同培养方法比较及激素和细胞因子对β-酪蛋白mRNA表达的诱导

本试验旨在建立一种高效的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞培养方法,并研究不同激素和细胞因子对其表达β-酪蛋白mRNA的诱导作用.分别采用组织块培养法和机械破碎法培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,利用成纤维细胞和乳腺上皮细胞对胰酶的敏感性不同,对获得的细胞进行纯化.通过细胞计数法测定纯化细胞的生长曲线,通过免疫荧光组织化学染色法检测角蛋白18的表达,通过实时定量PCR法检测8种不同激素和细胞因子组合培养液诱导细胞表达β-酪蛋白mRNA的效果.结果表明:通过机械破碎法可以分离得到增殖旺盛的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,与组织块培养法相比,具有细胞迁出速度快等优点.细胞生长曲线呈典型的“S”型.在纯化的乳腺上皮细胞及第20代乳腺上皮细胞中都检测到角蛋白18的表达.100 ng/mL类胰岛素生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)显著提高了乳腺上皮细胞中β-酪蛋白mRNA的表达(P＜0.05).由结果可知,本试验采用的机械破碎法是一种高效的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞培养方法,100 ng/mL IGF-Ⅰ对细胞中β-酪蛋白mRNA表达的诱导效果最好.     

RADIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PRIMARY LUNG TUMORS IN 74 DOGS

Primary pulmonary neoplasia is well recognized in dogs and prognosis depends upon the tumor type. The purpose of this retrospective study was to characterize the radiographic appearance of different primary lung tumors with the goal of establishing imaging criteria to separate the different types. Three‐view thoracic radiographs of 74 dogs with histologically confirmed pulmonary anaplastic carcinoma (n = 2), adenocarcinoma (n = 31), bronchioalveolar carcinoma (n = 19), histiocytic sarcoma (n = 21), and squamous cell carcinoma (n = 1) were evaluated. Radiographs were assessed for tumor volume, affected lobe, location within lobe, overall pulmonary pattern, presence of cavitation, mineralization, air bronchograms, lymphadenomegaly, and pleural fluid. Histiocytic sarcomas were significantly larger than other tumor types (271 cm³; P = 0.009) and most likely to be found in the left cranial (38%; 8/21) and right middle (43%; 9/21) lung lobes, whereas adenocarcinomas were most likely to be found in the left caudal (29%; 9/31) lung lobe. Fifty‐seven percent (12/21) of histiocytic sarcomas had an internal air bronchogram. Findings indicate that a large mass in the periphery or affecting the whole lobe of the right middle or left cranial lung lobe with an internal air bronchogram is likely to be an histiocytic sarcoma.